With the new year come many new state laws across the country. There are the usual suspects — gun laws, marijuana legalization and housing protections — but there are also some new frontiers: groundbreaking laws concerning Internet user privacy and the classification of contract workers in California, for example.
Here are some of the most notable laws taking effect Jan. 1, in no particular order:
Red flag
Colorado, Hawaii and Nevada are the latest states to implement a red flag law, allowing a judge to temporarily remove firearms from people deemed a danger to themselves or others.
In Colorado, some sheriffs have railed against the law. Various counties have passed resolutions referring to themselves as "Second Amendment sanctuaries," and they are refusing to enforce the law.
Contract and gig workers
California's new law, AB5, attempts to provide greater protection for contract and gig economy workers in the state by aiming to reclassify them as employees, meaning companies would have to offer them benefits. Gig companies such as Uber and Lyft are trying to find ways around the law, and other industries, from trucking to newspapers, are grappling with how to comply. The law does provide exemptions for some professions.
(Hundreds of new laws go into effect in California on Jan. 1, and Capital Public Radio has a roundup of the ones that might affect you the most.)
Cash bail reform
Following New Jersey and California, the New York state criminal justice system will now severely restrict the use of cash bail, and prosecutors will have to share evidence a lot sooner with defendants. As NPR's law enforcement correspondent Martin Kaste reports, police and prosecutors worry the system will favor defendants.
Surprise medical bills
Texas now has one of the strongest laws in the nation against surprise medical bills, to protect people in state-regulated health plans from getting outrageous bills for out-of-network care, reports KUT's Ashley Lopez.
It looked like the new law may have been weakened in November when the Texas Medical Board drafted the rules for implementing it. The board, made up of health care providers, tried to get a blanket exception to the law for virtually all nonemergency cases.
Instead, following an outcry from advocates and media coverage by KUT, NPR and Kaiser Health News, the board decided to relinquish its rule-making authority.
Marijuana
Illinois joins the growing list of states to legalize recreational cannabis, but a couple of things make it stand out. Tuesday, on the eve of legalization, Illinois Democratic Gov. J.B. Pritzker pardoned more than 11,000 low-level marijuana convictions, as reported by Brian Mackey at member station WUIS.
"These 11,017 misdemeanor convictions represent individuals who've carried around with them a stain on their records for possessing less than 30 grams of cannabis," Pritzker said.
Illinois is also the first state where the legislature adopted the law, as opposed to voter initiatives, a process not all states allow.
Internet user privacy
California also now has the toughest data privacy law in the U.S, Rachael Myrow with member station KQED reports. With no similar federal law on the horizon, this one is expected to set the standard nationally for some time to come.
Now consumers will be able to opt out of the sale of their personal information. If a company fails to implement reasonable security practices and consumers' personal information is breached, they'll be allowed to sue those companies.
Companies can still collect data but must now tell you what they're collecting when you ask and delete it all if you ask.
Acacia Squires is NPR's state government editor.
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